Extending Marked
To champion the single-responsibility and open/closed principles, we have tried to make it relatively painless to extend Marked. If you are looking to add custom functionality, this is the place to start.
marked.use()
marked.use(extension)
is the recommended way to extend Marked. The extension
object can contain any option available in Marked:
import { marked } from 'marked';
marked.use({
pedantic: false,
gfm: true,
breaks: false,
sanitize: false,
smartLists: true,
smartypants: false,
xhtml: false
});
You can also supply multiple extension
objects at once.
marked.use(myExtension, extension2, extension3);
\\ EQUIVALENT TO:
marked.use(myExtension);
marked.use(extension2);
marked.use(extension3);
All options will overwrite those previously set, except for the following options which will be merged with the existing framework and can be used to change or extend the functionality of Marked: renderer
, tokenizer
, walkTokens
, and extensions
.
The
renderer
andtokenizer
options are objects with functions that will be merged into the built-inrenderer
andtokenizer
respectively.The
walkTokens
option is a function that will be called to post-process every token before rendering.The
extensions
option is an array of objects that can contain additional customrenderer
andtokenizer
steps that will execute before any of the default parsing logic occurs.
The Marked Pipeline
Before building your custom extensions, it is important to understand the components that Marked uses to translate from Markdown to HTML:
- The user supplies Marked with an input string to be translated.
- The
lexer
feeds segments of the input text string into eachtokenizer
, and from their output, generates a series of tokens in a nested tree structure. - Each
tokenizer
receives a segment of Markdown text and, if it matches a particular pattern, generates a token object containing any relevant information. - The
walkTokens
function will traverse every token in the tree and perform any final adjustments to the token contents. - The
parser
traverses the token tree and feeds each token into the appropriaterenderer
, and concatenates their outputs into the final HTML result. - Each
renderer
receives a token and manipulates its contents to generate a segment of HTML.
Marked provides methods of directly overriding the renderer
and tokenizer
for any existing token type, as well as inserting additional custom renderer
and tokenizer
functions to handle entirely custom syntax.
The Renderer : renderer
The renderer defines the HTML output of a given token. If you supply a renderer
object to the Marked options, it will be merged with the built-in renderer and any functions inside will override the default handling of that token type.
Calling marked.use()
to override the same function multiple times will give priority to the version that was assigned last. Overriding functions can return false
to fall back to the previous override in the sequence, or resume default behavior if all overrides return false
. Returning any other value (including nothing) will prevent fallback behavior.
Example: Overriding output of the default heading
token by adding an embedded anchor tag like on GitHub.
// Create reference instance
import { marked } from 'marked';
// Override function
const renderer = {
heading(text, level) {
const escapedText = text.toLowerCase().replace(/[^\w]+/g, '-');
return `
<h${level}>
<a name="${escapedText}" class="anchor" href="#${escapedText}">
<span class="header-link"></span>
</a>
${text}
</h${level}>`;
}
};
marked.use({ renderer });
// Run marked
console.log(marked.parse('# heading+'));
Output:
<h1>
<a name="heading-" class="anchor" href="#heading-">
<span class="header-link"></span>
</a>
heading+
</h1>
Block-level renderer methods
code(string code, string infostring, boolean escaped)
blockquote(string quote)
html(string html)
heading(string text, number level, string raw, Slugger slugger)
hr()
list(string body, boolean ordered, number start)
listitem(string text, boolean task, boolean checked)
checkbox(boolean checked)
paragraph(string text)
table(string header, string body)
tablerow(string content)
tablecell(string content, object flags)
Inline-level renderer methods
strong(string text)
em(string text)
codespan(string code)
br()
del(string text)
link(string href, string title, string text)
image(string href, string title, string text)
text(string text)
slugger
has the slug
method to create a unique id from value:
slugger.slug('foo') // foo
slugger.slug('foo') // foo-1
slugger.slug('foo') // foo-2
slugger.slug('foo 1') // foo-1-1
slugger.slug('foo-1') // foo-1-2
...
slugger.slug
can also be called with the dryrun
option for stateless operation:
slugger.slug('foo') // foo
slugger.slug('foo') // foo-1
slugger.slug('foo') // foo-2
slugger.slug('foo', { dryrun: true }) // foo-3
slugger.slug('foo', { dryrun: true }) // foo-3
slugger.slug('foo') // foo-3
slugger.slug('foo') // foo-4
...
flags
has the following properties:
{
header: true || false,
align: 'center' || 'left' || 'right'
}
The Tokenizer : tokenizer
The tokenizer defines how to turn markdown text into tokens. If you supply a tokenizer
object to the Marked options, it will be merged with the built-in tokenizer and any functions inside will override the default handling of that token type.
Calling marked.use()
to override the same function multiple times will give priority to the version that was assigned last. Overriding functions can return false
to fall back to the previous override in the sequence, or resume default behavior if all overrides return false
. Returning any other value (including nothing) will prevent fallback behavior.
Example: Overriding default codespan
tokenizer to include LaTeX.
// Create reference instance
import { marked } from 'marked';
// Override function
const tokenizer = {
codespan(src) {
const match = src.match(/^\$+([^\$\n]+?)\$+/);
if (match) {
return {
type: 'codespan',
raw: match[0],
text: match[1].trim()
};
}
// return false to use original codespan tokenizer
return false;
}
};
marked.use({ tokenizer });
// Run marked
console.log(marked.parse('$ latex code $\n\n` other code `'));
Output:
<p><code>latex code</code></p>
<p><code>other code</code></p>
NOTE: This does not fully support latex, see issue #1948.
Block level tokenizer methods
space(string src)
code(string src)
fences(string src)
heading(string src)
hr(string src)
blockquote(string src)
list(string src)
html(string src)
def(string src)
table(string src)
lheading(string src)
paragraph(string src)
text(string src)
Inline level tokenizer methods
escape(string src)
tag(string src)
link(string src)
reflink(string src, object links)
emStrong(string src, string maskedSrc, string prevChar)
codespan(string src)
br(string src)
del(string src)
autolink(string src, function mangle)
url(string src, function mangle)
inlineText(string src, function smartypants)
mangle
is a method that changes text to HTML character references:
mangle('test@example.com')
// "test@example.com"
smartypants
is a method that translates plain ASCII punctuation characters into “smart” typographic punctuation HTML entities:
https://daringfireball.net/projects/smartypants/
smartypants('"this ... string"')
// "“this … string”"
Walk Tokens : walkTokens
The walkTokens function gets called with every token. Child tokens are called before moving on to sibling tokens. Each token is passed by reference so updates are persisted when passed to the parser. The return value of the function is ignored.
marked.use()
can be called multiple times with different walkTokens
functions. Each function will be called in order, starting with the function that was assigned last.
Example: Overriding heading tokens to start at h2.
import { marked } from 'marked';
// Override function
const walkTokens = (token) => {
if (token.type === 'heading') {
token.depth += 1;
}
};
marked.use({ walkTokens });
// Run marked
console.log(marked.parse('# heading 2\n\n## heading 3'));
Output:
<h2 id="heading-2">heading 2</h2>
<h3 id="heading-3">heading 3</h3>
Custom Extensions : extensions
You may supply an extensions
array to the options
object. This array can contain any number of extension
objects, using the following properties:
name
- A string used to identify the token that will be handled by this extension.
If the name matches an existing extension name, or an existing method in the tokenizer/renderer methods listed above, they will override the previously assigned behavior, with priority on the extension that was assigned last. An extension can return
false
to fall back to the previous behavior. level
- A string to determine when to run the extension tokenizer. Must be equal to 'block' or 'inline'.
A block-level extension will be handled before any of the block-level tokenizer methods listed above, and generally consists of 'container-type' text (paragraphs, tables, blockquotes, etc.).
An inline-level extension will be handled inside each block-level token, before any of the inline-level tokenizer methods listed above. These generally consist of 'style-type' text (italics, bold, etc.).
start(string src)
- A function that returns the index of the next potential start of the custom token.
The index can be the result of a
src.match().index
, or even a simplesrc.index()
. Marked will use this function to ensure that it does not skip over any text that should be part of the custom token. tokenizer(string src, array tokens)
- A function that reads string of Markdown text and returns a generated token. The token pattern should be found at the beginning of the
src
string. Accordingly, if using a Regular Expression to detect a token, it should be anchored to the string start (`^`). Thetokens
parameter contains the array of tokens that have been generated by the lexer up to that point, and can be used to access the previous token, for instance.The return value should be an object with the following parameters:
type
- A string that matches the
name
parameter of the extension. raw
- A string containing all of the text that this token consumes from the source.
tokens [optional]
- An array of child tokens that will be traversed by the
walkTokens
function by default.
The returned token can also contain any other custom parameters of your choice that your custom
renderer
might need to access.The tokenizer function has access to the lexer in the
this
object, which can be used if any internal section of the string needs to be parsed further, such as in handling any inline syntax on the text within a block token. The key functions that may be useful include:this.lexer.blockTokens(string text, array tokens)
- This runs the block tokenizer functions (including any block-level extensions) on the provided text, and appends any resulting tokens onto the
tokens
array. Thetokens
array is also returned by the function. You might use this, for example, if your extension creates a "container"-type token (such as a blockquote) that can potentially include other block-level tokens inside. this.lexer.inline(string text, array tokens)
- Parsing of inline-level tokens only occurs after all block-level tokens have been generated. This function adds
text
andtokens
to a queue to be processed using inline-level tokenizers (including any inline-level extensions) at that later step. Tokens will be generated using the providedtext
, and any resulting tokens will be appended to thetokens
array. Note that this function does **NOT** return anything since the inline processing cannot happen until the block-level processing is complete. this.lexer.inlineTokens(string text, array tokens)
- Sometimes an inline-level token contains further nested inline tokens (such as a
token inside of a**strong**
). This runs the inline tokenizer functions (including any inline-level extensions) on the provided text, and appends any resulting tokens onto the### Heading
tokens
array. Thetokens
array is also returned by the function.
renderer(object token)
- A function that reads a token and returns the generated HTML output string.
The renderer function has access to the parser in the
this
object, which can be used if any part of the token needs needs to be parsed further, such as any child tokens. The key functions that may be useful include:this.parser.parse(array tokens)
- Runs the block renderer functions (including any extensions) on the provided array of tokens, and returns the resulting HTML string output. This is used to generate the HTML from any child block-level tokens, for example if your extension is a "container"-type token (such as a blockquote) that can potentially include other block-level tokens inside.
this.parser.parseInline(array tokens)
- Runs the inline renderer functions (including any extensions) on the provided array of tokens, and returns the resulting HTML string output. This is used to generate the HTML from any child inline-level tokens.
childTokens [optional]
- An array of strings that match the names of any token parameters that should be traversed by the
walkTokens
functions. For instance, if you want to use a second custom parameter to contain child tokens in addition totokens
, it could be listed here. IfchildTokens
is provided, thetokens
array will not be walked by default unless it is also included in thechildTokens
array.
Example: Add a custom syntax to generate <dl>
description lists.
const descriptionList = {
name: 'descriptionList',
level: 'block', // Is this a block-level or inline-level tokenizer?
start(src) { return src.match(/:[^:\n]/)?.index; }, // Hint to Marked.js to stop and check for a match
tokenizer(src, tokens) {
const rule = /^(?::[^:\n]+:[^:\n]*(?:\n|$))+/; // Regex for the complete token, anchor to string start
const match = rule.exec(src);
if (match) {
const token = { // Token to generate
type: 'descriptionList', // Should match "name" above
raw: match[0], // Text to consume from the source
text: match[0].trim(), // Additional custom properties
tokens: [] // Array where child inline tokens will be generated
};
this.lexer.inline(token.text, token.tokens); // Queue this data to be processed for inline tokens
return token;
}
},
renderer(token) {
return `<dl>${this.parser.parseInline(token.tokens)}\n</dl>`; // parseInline to turn child tokens into HTML
}
};
const description = {
name: 'description',
level: 'inline', // Is this a block-level or inline-level tokenizer?
start(src) { return src.match(/:/)?.index; }, // Hint to Marked.js to stop and check for a match
tokenizer(src, tokens) {
const rule = /^:([^:\n]+):([^:\n]*)(?:\n|$)/; // Regex for the complete token, anchor to string start
const match = rule.exec(src);
if (match) {
return { // Token to generate
type: 'description', // Should match "name" above
raw: match[0], // Text to consume from the source
dt: this.lexer.inlineTokens(match[1].trim()), // Additional custom properties, including
dd: this.lexer.inlineTokens(match[2].trim()) // any further-nested inline tokens
};
}
},
renderer(token) {
return `\n<dt>${this.parser.parseInline(token.dt)}</dt><dd>${this.parser.parseInline(token.dd)}</dd>`;
},
childTokens: ['dt', 'dd'], // Any child tokens to be visited by walkTokens
};
function walkTokens(token) { // Post-processing on the completed token tree
if (token.type === 'strong') {
token.text += ' walked';
token.tokens = this.Lexer.lexInline(token.text)
}
}
marked.use({ extensions: [descriptionList, description], walkTokens });
// EQUIVALENT TO:
marked.use({ extensions: [descriptionList] });
marked.use({ extensions: [description] });
marked.use({ walkTokens })
console.log(marked.parse('A Description List:\n'
+ ': Topic 1 : Description 1\n'
+ ': **Topic 2** : *Description 2*'));
Output
<p>A Description List:</p>
<dl>
<dt>Topic 1</dt><dd>Description 1</dd>
<dt><strong>Topic 2 walked</strong></dt><dd><em>Description 2</em></dd>
</dl>
Async Marked : async
Marked will return a promise if the async
option is true. The async
option will tell marked to await any walkTokens
functions before parsing the tokens and returning an HTML string.
Simple Example:
const walkTokens = async (token) => {
if (token.type === 'link') {
try {
await fetch(token.href);
} catch (ex) {
token.title = 'invalid';
}
}
};
marked.use({ walkTokens, async: true });
const markdown = `
[valid link](https://example.com)
[invalid link](https://invalidurl.com)
`;
const html = await marked.parse(markdown);
Custom Extension Example:
const importUrl = {
extensions: [{
name: 'importUrl',
level: 'block',
start(src) { return src.indexOf('\n:'); },
tokenizer(src) {
const rule = /^:(https?:\/\/.+?):/;
const match = rule.exec(src);
if (match) {
return {
type: 'importUrl',
raw: match[0],
url: match[1],
html: '' // will be replaced in walkTokens
};
}
},
renderer(token) {
return token.html;
}
}],
async: true, // needed to tell marked to return a promise
async walkTokens(token) {
if (token.type === 'importUrl') {
const res = await fetch(token.url);
token.html = await res.text();
}
}
};
marked.use(importUrl);
const markdown = `
# example.com
:https://example.com:
`;
const html = await marked.parse(markdown);
The Lexer
The lexer takes a markdown string and calls the tokenizer functions.
The Parser
The parser takes tokens as input and calls the renderer functions.
Access to Lexer and Parser
You also have direct access to the lexer and parser if you so desire.
const tokens = marked.lexer(markdown, options);
console.log(marked.parser(tokens, options));
const lexer = new marked.Lexer(options);
const tokens = lexer.lex(markdown);
console.log(tokens);
console.log(lexer.tokenizer.rules.block); // block level rules used
console.log(lexer.tokenizer.rules.inline); // inline level rules used
console.log(marked.Lexer.rules.block); // all block level rules
console.log(marked.Lexer.rules.inline); // all inline level rules
$ node
> require('marked').lexer('> I am using marked.')
[
{
type: "blockquote",
raw: "> I am using marked.",
tokens: [
{
type: "paragraph",
raw: "I am using marked.",
text: "I am using marked.",
tokens: [
{
type: "text",
raw: "I am using marked.",
text: "I am using marked."
}
]
}
]
},
links: {}
]
The Lexer builds an array of tokens, which will be passed to the Parser. The Parser processes each token in the token array:
import { marked } from 'marked';
const md = `
# heading
[link][1]
[1]: #heading "heading"
`;
const tokens = marked.lexer(md);
console.log(tokens);
const html = marked.parser(tokens);
console.log(html);
[
{
type: "heading",
raw: " # heading\n\n",
depth: 1,
text: "heading",
tokens: [
{
type: "text",
raw: "heading",
text: "heading"
}
]
},
{
type: "paragraph",
raw: " [link][1]",
text: " [link][1]",
tokens: [
{
type: "text",
raw: " ",
text: " "
},
{
type: "link",
raw: "[link][1]",
text: "link",
href: "#heading",
title: "heading",
tokens: [
{
type: "text",
raw: "link",
text: "link"
}
]
}
]
},
{
type: "space",
raw: "\n\n"
},
links: {
"1": {
href: "#heading",
title: "heading"
}
}
]
<h1 id="heading">heading</h1>
<p> <a href="#heading" title="heading">link</a></p>